Toyota Strategic Alliances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Toyota Strategic Alliances - Essay Example Toyota Strategic Alliances Theories and analytical tools to assess strategic issues Decision makers in organizations are continually showered with various issues that can potentially affect the current performance and actions of their companies. They make constant adjustments in their strategies in order to keep them updated with the needs of the changing environment. Hence, assessment of strategic designs of organizations is critical to their success and performance. In the face of the changing global business environment, decision makers should keep in mind that strategy choices become obsolete within a very short period of time. Past styles of operating might not fit the current challenges posed by the competitive environment of the current business world. It is important to identify the chief issues facing the organization in the current financial year or a period of financial years and select some issues from this multitude to deal with at a particular point of time. Selection o f these issues are made with regard to the current business position of the firm, technological advancement of the firm, its economic conditions, human resource capacity of the firm, social and political contexts in which it operates. This process requires the organizational leaders to sort the issues faced by the firm on the basis of the importance level attached to the issue. There are various tools that organizational decision makers might exploit in order to assess the importance of the issues faced by them. ... Higher focus maintained on sorting and assessing issues demonstrate a better understanding of the issues. Hence, decision makers are better positioned to make the most appropriate response to these problems (Tan, Shen, and Langston, 2012; Jauch, 2010). The major dimensions in the strategic decision making process are top management decision, allocations of company resources for various activities, long term objectives of the firm, future orientation of the firm, multifunctional and multi- business consequences of the decisions and general external environment of the firm. This process is known as â€Å"strategic issue diagnosis (SID)† (Huff and Jenkins, 2002, p. 276). SID is a tool used as the first step to identify the issue and assess its characteristics. Diagnosis outputs cast important impact on the following stages in the decision making process. Strategic issues facing companies in Asia Pacific All business firms, in their heart, aims at a general notion; increasing the profits of the firm. For any decision to make sense in the decision making process of the business, it has to be directly (or indirectly) associated with the act of increasing profits. In any other case, the business does not have any strong reason to make investments in this decision. There are two basic issues that a company might face in its path of long term development. These issues are highly contrasting to one another. One issue pertains to the problem of expanding the business, while the other relates to contracting business. In the Asia-Pacific region, business firms face either of these two issues. In this post financial crisis period, a majority of countries are striving to recover from recessionary pressure. Therefore, there is low level of aggregate demand in the economy.

Hispanic Americans Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hispanic Americans - Research Paper Example The Hispanic Americans in United States consists of four particular groups. They are the Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans and Central / South Americans. Mexican Americans Mexican Americans, as of July 2009, constitutes 10 . 3 % of the United States population. They â€Å" comprise 66 % of all Hispanics and Latinos in the United States † ( â€Å" Mexican American† ) . United States houses the second largest Mexican community in the world right after Mexico itself. Mexican Americans as a race is a general agglomeration of Native Mexicans, Spaniards and other Hispanicize European settlers. Their history in the United States ranges for over four hundred years. By 1900 their settlements were mainly focused in the New Mexico, California and Texas. As a matter of fact Californios were strictly Spanish speaking citizens of present day California, who later became associated with the society soon after the California Gold Rush. Presently the Mexican .Americans have a sub stantial population in the cities of Los Angeles, Culver City, Long Beach, La Puente, Chicago, Houston, Phoenix, Dallas, San Francisco Bay Area, Denver and more. In order to avoid racial classification, the United States Census Bureau in 1970 tried to classify Hispanics by â€Å" Spanish speakers and persons belonging to a household where the head of household was a Spanish speaker† Persons by Spanish heritage by birth location or surname Persons who self – identified Spanish origin or descent † ( â€Å" Mexican American † ) Spanish continues to be the main language of the Mexicans since the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. English was of minor importance because of proximity of southwestern U S to Mexico. In the beginning of twentieth century, with the second and third generations now on track, English became necessary with different work professions being available. But still in 1980s there were 100 Spanish news papers, with around 500 radio stations and 130 television stations. Since 1960s, there had been a huge influx of illegal Mexican immigrants in the United States which had heavily increased the cheap labor work force of the country. As the prospect of deportation is a constant threat they are highly subjected to exploitation by the employers, who often take a â€Å" don’t ask †, â€Å" don’t tell † attitude towards them. The immigrants are racially dubbed as â€Å" Wetbacks † which is a lucid approach just like â€Å" nigger † to African – Americans. Mexican Americans as a whole mainly form the nucleus of blue collar occupations in the U S. this includes from working as restaurant workers, truck drivers, janitors, gardeners, construction labors and metal moving workers. Several incidents of tensions had often aroused between Mexican immigrants and other ethnicities and also between Hispanic Americans and cheap Mexican labors over the sustainability of working – class jobs. â€Å" However, according to a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in June 2007, 63 % of Americans would support an immigration policy that would put illegal immigrants on a path to citizenship if they â€Å" pass background checks, pay fines and have jobs, learn English † † ( â€Å" Mexican American † ) , Socially, immigrants from Mexico come from lower stratus of social ladder and are involved in low skilled jobs by generations. Usually they are form rural areas. Strictly speaking,

Disabilities, communication, disorders and giftedness

Disabilities, communication, disorders and giftedness This paper is design to create an understanding of learning disabilities, communication disorders, dual diagnosis as well as giftedness. In addition to the establishment of producing a positive learning environment for children with impairments will maximize their achievement. To understand each type of disability mention above we should look at the characteristics, causes, and definitions of each form of disability and disorder to better enhance the learning environment for both the student and the teacher. As a special educator, it is an imperative aspect to stay abreast of all disorders we come in contact with to produce a quality education for all those involved. For many students with disabilities and for those without, the key success in the classroom lies in having adaptation, accommodations and modifications made to the curriculum and instruction and other classroom activities. Learning Disabilities There are many definitions of learning disabilities. However, the most use comes from Individuals with Disability in Education Act (IDEA). It defines learning disabilities as various cognitive or psychological disorders that impede the ability to learn, especially on that interferes with ability to learn math or develop languages skills (listening, reading, writing, and speaking) (IDEA 2004). Some characteristics of learning disabilities are children having a deficits in the area of reading and written language that cannot make connection with similar concepts in learning math (cannot connect 3 + 5 = 8 when asked 5 + 8 equals), difficulty in thinking in sequential or logical order, having behaviors in the area of not being organized and losses things. No one is exactly sure what causes learning disabilities. Experts are not sure to the causes. The differences in how a persons brain works and how it process information can be from brain damage, heredity, problem during pregnancy and the environment the person lives in. Currently there is a prevalence figure of 45.3% of school- aged children in the United States classified as having a specific learning disability and receive some kind of special education support (United States Office of Special Education, 2007a). Communication Disorders Communication Disorders is the speech and language disorders that relate area such as oral and motor function. It can be verbal, nonverbal or a combination of both. It revolves three components; sender, message and receiver. Language (the system of symbols used to express and receive meaning) is a factor in each element of the process; speech (the systematic production of sound) is a factor in verbal communication. . Communication disorders include speech disorders of articulation, fluency, and voice, and language disorders. It may range from simple sound repetitions, such as stuttering, to occasional misarticulation of word and complete inability to use speech and language communication. A child who is language impaired should show skills in the primary language that are below those expected for his/her chronological age. The prevalence of language deficits in the school-age population in the United States is approximately 2.5%. and 50% of children who receive special education services from other disabilities (Hall et al., 2001). An understanding of normal patterns of language acquisition is an important part of identifying children with language disorders and developing remediation programs for them. It also involves screening, evaluating, diagnosing and making appropriate placement decisions. Giftedness Gifted children may show outstanding abilities in a variety of area including intellectual, academic aptitude, creative thinking, leadership and the visual and performing arts. They also show the ability to find and solve problems quickly. The full development of the gifted student depends on his or her environmental context, strong encouragement, and support from the family and social groups (Sydney Marland 1972). Longitudinal studies of gifted children indicated that most of them are healthy and well adjusted and achieve well into adulthood, with some exceptions that are underachievers. Teaching cognitive strategies, problem finding, problem solving, and creativity are some characteristics that special programs focus on for gifted students. Effective problem finding and problem solving skills depend on the individuals flexible use of his or her knowledge, structure and creativity. In addition, it depends on the capacity for divergent thinking, a willingness to be different and strong motivation. Underachievers have feeling of inferiority, expectation of failure and low self confidence. The prevalence of giftedness is approximately 10% to 55% of the school-age population of children who are identified (Gagne, 2003; Renzulli Reis, 2003). To uncover the abilities of children who come from cultural subgroups, special identification methods and procedures that depend less on prior knowledge and experience and more on reasoning and creative thinking are necessary. Children with physical and sensory handicaps can be intellectually gifted, but often their abilities are undiscovered because educators do not search for their special talents. Dual Diagnosis Fredericks Baldwin (1987) suggested that the term dual diagnosis be used with great care, mental health disorders is one disability with secondary characteristics growing out of the lack of environmental input that is from the sensory disability. Unfortunately, some children with certain impairments struggle in class and have behavior problems. Often these conditions may be a result from having to struggle in class and the emotional health of the child may be cause by attention deficit disorder (ADD) or Attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD). However, IDEA has a problem in the number of children that qualify as a disabled. Furthermore, Pinborough-Zimmerman, Satterfield, Miller, Bilder, Hossain and MaMohn (2007) findings confirm that 6.3% of school aged children were receiving speech therapy services and co-concurring conditions like intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorder and emotional behavior disorders. In the public school system the numbers have a grave implica tion to provide essential service for these children. Curriculum There should be a differentiation curriculum to serve all learners, regardless of ability, disability, age, gender or cultural and linguistic background. Curriculum should be modified appropriately. First there should be modification of learning disabilities in the area of math, reading and language. In communication disorders the teacher should make sure she speak with students with impairment the same way he/she speak to the regular education students. The curriculums for gifted students are lesson, assignments, and schedule modification are lesson generated toward higher order of thinking, content modification, and encourage group interaction. Some theorists also suggest that curriculum need to be in terms of the learning environment. The key features of educating a child with any disability or disorder is to focus on tailoring the curriculum in the areas of strengths, weaknesses, needs, interest, ability and characteristic of the child. It is important to understand the differences in order to indentify, assess, evaluate and remediate the student. Conclusion Finally, the important of regular teachers and special educators are arm with the knowledge, training and information in regards to disabilities. Students with communication disorders, giftedness, and also any other learning disabilities can learn and be successful in academics. Professional can prepare curriculum and appreciate the vital features of services for special need students. By modifying lessons for student and giving accommodations to these students with other classroom activities.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Welcome students, parents and faculty. Well, this Senior Breakfast brings us one step closer to the event we've been anxiously awaiting. We've worked long and hard to get to this point. And yet, it seems like so little time has passed since we were middle schoolers, excited to move on with our lives and enter high school. Do you remember how we were in middle school, even as freshmen? Remember what we thought of, what we wanted to get out of life, what we thought high school would be like? Now, think how we've changed. Our perception of what high school was going to be like was definitely a little fantasized. It wasn't really what we expected, though I don't think many of us were disappointed. After everything, our attitudes are a little different -- our minds maybe even a little broader. We have experienced a great deal during our high school years, thanks to the opportunities Brinkman made available to us. The French classes can go on a field trip to a play in Seattle; the band can represent the school at statewide marching competitions, complete with original music and a cou...

Graduate School and Early Modern Europe

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The phenomenal growth in knowledge, which we are witnessing today in many areas of science and technology, is the result of the tireless efforts of a large number of teachers and students deeply committed to widening the horizons of human knowledge through painstaking research. Many of us of the younger generation are the beneficiaries, both intellectually and materially, of the outstanding work done in the field of computer engineering.As a student of information technology and computer science, it is my ambition to contribute my mite to the widening and deepening of knowledge in the area of information technology and computer science in general. My undergraduate education in Information technology has enabled me to grasp the fundamental concepts in this area of study. I have excelled in most of the courses that I have taken which include Computer networks, Operating Systems, Microprocessor & Interfacing and Database Management Systems among others; a pointer to my sound analytical and computational skills.My academic prowess can be gauged from the fact that I topped my department in the Microprocessors course and secured the 3rd rank in my fourth semester examinations in a highly competitive class. One of my unique achievements has been in pedagogy. It was during my fifth semester, when I was helping my peers with the computationally intensive courses we had to take up then, that I realized the efficacy of the statement â€Å"To learn better, teach†. The incessant queries of my friends’ made me brood deeper into the subject whilst they enhanced their understanding of it.My achievement was the substantial improvement in grades for both my peers and me. The numerous seminars, which I have conducted in my class in areas both within and out of the scope of my curriculum, have honed my communication skills and I am confident that I would be an effective teaching assistant. My team-playing ability and leadership qualities came to the fore during â€Å"Interrupt 2006†, a national level technical symposium conducted by the Department of Computer Science, wherein I coordinated a variety of technical and non-technical events that were widely appreciated.I am currently working in Egrove Systems Corporation as a Programmer and Analyst, a renowned multi-national firm involved in IT solutions. My first hand exposure to the industry’s working in designing and developing has helped in redefining my perspective and approach towards creating new ones myself. I have a dream to work in a place where latest technology is devised and where standards and protocols are dictated. Ultimately however, I do not want to follow oft beaten trails but blaze a new one for others to follow.It is to realize this that I want to work towards a Masters degree and later for a PhD. It is each person’s dream to graduate from a prestigious school that can provide the launching-pad for his/her career. Though there is a plet hora of options, the pride of place goes to the University that is reputed for its standard par excellence – an honor that goes to none other than to your university. I understand that this University offers exiting and unique opportunities for research and learning. As for my future, it is my desire to explore the realms of computer networks and programming design.I also want to build on the strong foundation that I have acquired during my undergraduate study with a Masters degree and follow it up with a Doctoral one. To achieve this and to attain my goals, I strongly believe that the Computer Science program at your university would place me at the fulcrum of today’s technology in computers. I look forward to being a part of your program in Advanced computer science and would consider myself fortunate to secure an admission into the Masters program at your University since it fits my interests exactly.It is with great optimism that I apply to your school and I sincer ely hope for an association that would be mutually beneficial. Ramji Prasad Myrtheunjayan Graduate study is not for slackers. It takes focus and determination to pursue an advanced degree. That's why admissions committees examine your statement of purpose very closely–they want to see whether you have the right stuff to succeed in graduate school. What are they really asking anyway? Different schools will give you different prompts for the statement of purpose.Nonetheless, they're all asking for the same four pieces of information: †¢ What you want to study at graduate school? †¢ Why you want to study it? †¢ What experience you have in your field? †¢ What you plan to do with your degree once you have it? Admissions committees look for candidates with clear, well-defined research interests that arise from experience . With that in mind, your statement should reveal that you care deeply about your chosen discipline and that you have the background to support your ideas and sentiments. It should also demonstrate that you're a diligent student who will remain committed for the long haul.However you approach these points, it's imperative that you answer the questions asked in the essay prompt. Being substantive and direct is much better than being creative or flashy. Avoid this mistake Grad school applicants commonly make the error of including a paragraph about how well–rounded they are: They're avid ultimate-frisbee players, they write short stories or they love to cook. Colleges are interested in this stuff; graduate schools are not. Grad schools are looking for great minds who will achieve mastery of a specific subject area.They don't care that you make a great chicken casserole or play intramural bocce ball. They do care about those activities that speak to your suitability for graduate work. As a graduate student, you'll be called upon to do difficult coursework and research. You may have to teach undergraduate classes within your field and conceivably even design a course. And you'll have to get along with a diverse group of colleagues who will sometimes work very closely with you. Any experience in school, work or your extracurricular life that speaks to those abilities is worth talking about.Make your statement of purpose unique While it's important to be focused, there's no need to be boring. To distinguish your essay, add unique (yet relevant) information. One of the best ways to do this is to discuss, briefly, an idea in your field that turns you on intellectually. It's an effective essay-opener, and it lets you write about something besides yourself for a bit. Remember, the idea you choose to talk about can tell an admissions committee a lot about you. And it demonstrates your interest in your field, rather than just describing it. Don't forgetBe sure to show your statement of purpose to someone you respect, preferably the professors who are writing your recommendations, and get some feedback on the content before you send it in. If you need to revise it, do so and then ask for more feedback. Have someone else proofread your essay for spelling and grammar. A fresh set of eyes often picks up something you missed. Better yet, if you have enough willing friends, have a couple of people proofread each statement. Finally, don't just reuse the same statement of purpose for each school to which you apply.You can recycle the same information, but make sure you change the presentation to fit each school's individual program. Sample Statement of Purpose Statement of Purpose: Please describe your aptitude and motivation fo r graduate study in your area of specialization, including your preparation for this field of study , your academic plans or research interests in your chosen area of study, and your future career goals. Please be specific about why UC Berkeley would be a good intellectual fit for you. The writer of the statement below was admitted into UC Berkeley's History Departm ent. With her permission, I reprint her essa parsed with my commentary about why it works as a winning essay. â€Å"Luscious fare is the jewe l of inordinate desires,† 1 cautions 2 the author of The Gentlewoman's Companion (1673), one of many early modern conduct books I surveyed this past year for an honors thesis entitled â€Å"‘Chaste, Silent, and Hungr y': The Problem of Female Appetite in Early Modern England, 1550-1700. † 3 As indicated by the title, this pr oject explores a provocative but as of yet scarcely studied facet of early m odern gender constructions: female food desire. 4 I use the word â€Å"desire† here rather deliberately, as ea rly modern definitions of ppetite extended well beyond the physiological drive to eat to encompa ss all those physical (and shameful) longings associated with the body. And, in a culture wh ere women were by defi nition immoderate and sensual, female food appetite, I argue, constituted an unruly 5 desire that de manded both social and moral discipline. In brief, my research con cerns the patriarchal cont rol of women's bodies in sixteenth and seventeenth-century England vi s–vis a cultural idea about food desire and satiation as sugges tive and immodest. 6 In lieu of a formal introduction of my research interests and aspirations I offer a summary of my enior thesis, which earned me the 2003 Chancel lor's Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Research at the University of California, Davis. 7 This first venture into serious historical scholarship has affirmed my passion for early m odern culture and histor y; and it has given me the confidence to assert and cont est my opinions regard ing the status of women in early modern Europe and the current state of early modern historiography. 8 Continuing along these avenues of research in graduate school, I would like to use my thesis as the basis for a future dissertation. Though I remain wary about committing myself premat rely to a specifi c t opic of research, I am also eager to elaborate, modify, and complicate 9 my original assertions about the nature of the â€Å"problem† of female appetite in early modern England. Indeed, many of the conclusions reached in the thesis, such as my claim that the cultural er oticization of feminine appetite in early modern England betrayed a deep-seated masculine mistrust of female sexuality and sexual power, serve as starting points 10 for future research and study. On a more basic level, writing a thesis gave me the chance to become better acquainted with the essentials of historical resear h. Suspecting that normative disc ourses in early modern England participated aggressively in the monitoring of women's appetites, I navigated the sea of early English printed sources in pursu it of the slightest mention of food and diet. Those sources I encountered during my research, wh ich ranged from the popular conduct book, The Education of a Christian Woman by Juan Luis Vives, to the anonymous sex manual, Aristotle's Masterpiece, challenged my basic understanding of history and the original prem ise of my thesis in ways not anticipated. From deciphering esot eric type-fonts to developing n awareness of the importance of time and funds, I experienced the mundane realities of research that inevitably stunt the historian's aspirations. Even more important wa s my gradual acceptance of the fact that early modern sources, no matter how we read them, do not always accommodate modern biases and expectations. 11 Though I cannot predict the course this project might take in graduate school, I expect that it will address the following themes and issues. First is the overarching issue of distinguishing the phenomena I observe from other forms of food re striction and obsession, namely the modern itual of dieting and its most extreme manife station, an eating disorder. Though not willing to evade those complicated (and controversial) para llels between modern and early modern usages of food and food symbolism to cont rol the lives of women, I also wish to offer as an historian a nuanced portrayal of how early modern conceptualiz ations of female appetite were infused with contemporary, historically contingent notions of sexuality and gender. Furthermore, the question of fema le agency in a project devote d almost exclusively to male prescriptions for diet and behavior demands further discussion.Admittedly, on more than one occasion, my own extensive use and analysis of conduct books and various obstetric manuals, works composed primarily by educated men, cause d me to pause and wonder whether it was best to relate a history abou t women's actions or the patriarchal apparatus under which those actions were oppressed. While I refuse to see women as simply passive receptacles of masculine command, I neither wish nor aspire to focus sole ly on their achievements; for, in my mind, the history of women and the history of patriarchy are inextricably rela ted. 12 My goal, then, will not be to detail just another example of how wome in history were dominated by men, but, rather, to interrogate the means, in this case food, or, better yet, the cultural meaning of appetite, by which women's desires were suppressed or denied. 13 Indeed I am proud of my thesis and, given extra time, could say much more. But I should also stress that that at the heart of my specific res earch concentration lies a more general interest in early modern European history, cultural and women's history to be more exact. 14 To date, my knowledge of the early modern period has been informed and my imagination sustained by an array of courses on early modern history and lite ature (I was a joint hist ory and English major), including a graduate seminar on Renaissance urban culture taught jointly by Professors Margaret Ferguson and Deborah Harkness. My personal pe nchant for cultural history stems largely, I believe, from my training in litera ture and literary crit icism, wh ere sensitivity to the importance of language and metaphor is a neces sary skill. Also of crucial importance to a professional career in history are my growing skills in Latin and French, and my fluency in Spanish. 15 This year I find myself in that difficult and fr ustrating transitional peri od between undergraduate nd graduate studies. Though I would have preferred to directly co ntinue graduate school after graduation, I opted to take a year off. A year aw ay from school, I reasoned, would afford me the time needed to recuperate from an exhaustive und ergraduate education, gain some perspective, and work on fulfilling the language requirement for a doctorate in European history. In fact, I am currently enrolled in a French course at a nearby university and plan to take a subsequent course during the upcoming spring semester. This academic hiatus, moreover, has imposed some much- needed distance between myself and my thesis, wh ch I can now reread from a more critical, less invested stance. And, finally, a break from school has given me sufficient time to search and research for graduate programs that best suit my needs. 16 UC Berkeley's history program looms large in my mind, largely because of its outstanding faculty and interdisciplinary approach to hist ory. In my own quest for a suitable graduate program, I was thrilled to learn that Professors Thomas Laqueur and Carla Hesse both taught at Berkeley. Professor Laqueur's book, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud , stands out among the many books I ead during my undergraduate education; and I credit his book with introducing me to the nascent but fascin ating field of the history of sexuality and the body. Together, Professor Laqueur's cutting edge research and Professor Hesse's knowledge of early modern women's history would make my experience at Berkeley a challenging and enjoyable one. 17 In addition, Berkeley provides an id eal climate for me to develop my cross-disciplinary interests. In particular, I am interested in pursuing a desi gnated emphasis in women, gender, and sexuality, a unique option that distinguishes Berkeley's hist ry program from that of other institutions. The cross-disciplinary nature of Berkeley's gra duate program would foster, I hope, fruitful discussions with other departme nts, notably the department of English and Women's Studies, thus broadening and enriching my research as well as my general understanding early modern culture and history. 18 †¢ 1 The writer begins with a vivid quote that grabs the reader's attention right away. †¢ 2 â€Å"Cautions† is an excellent verb choice. Carefu l word choice makes fo r lively writing. †¢ 3 Note how neatly in one well-packed sentence , the writer gets right to the point of her urrent research. †¢ 4 â€Å"Provocative† is an apt and colorful word c hoice. This sentence explains the nature of her study and situates her subject in historical and thematic c ontext. †¢ 5 â€Å"Unruly† is another aptly c hosen adjective. Adjectives can create â€Å"dead places† in writing if they add nothing significant to the noun that it is describing. †¢ 6 The summary sentence not only recaps the gist of the first paragraph, but also provides further nuance of the subject at hand. †¢ 7 This first sentence makes clear that research first and foremost will be central to her argument in the essay. Mentioning the â€Å"Cha cellor's Award† in the context of her research is a clever way of boasting without seeming to. †¢ 8 It is a very good idea to explicit ly state the chosen subfield within history: early modern Europe. You can't assume that your readers will make the inference from the research topic alone. To â€Å"assert and contest† opinions is, of c ourse, the marksmanship of historians; making reference to â€Å"the current state of early modern historiography† conveys familiarity with the subje ct on the one hand, and confidence and intellectual poise on the other. Notice how much more powerful is such a statement as compared to ne poorly written, such as â€Å"I am passionate and committed to my interest in early modern Europe. † †¢ 9 Again, to say that as a historian, she will â€Å"e laborate, modify, and complicate† the subject matter is to show that she really understands the work of historians. A less experienced candidate might have written that she wa nts to uncover the â€Å"truth† in history. †¢ 10 â€Å"Starting points† –referring to her research interests–is a very measured way of saying that she knows what tugs at her heart, has done enough research to have some hunches, but is open to surprise endings. A beautiful re ndition of a historian's sentiment.You may turn off your readers if you come off sounding overly confident. Maintaining a measured tone is very important. †¢ 11 This paragraph details furth er specific less ons and skills earned through this research project. Note the use of colorful verb s such as â€Å"navigated† and â€Å"stunt. † †¢ 12 Note the nuanced and carefully measured way of speaking about her subject. Clearly the writer is well-read in theory and show s strong ability in cri tically evaluating her subject. Moreover, she tries to be the â€Å"obj ective† scholar in that she does not champion any cause. That is, she does not champion the ause of women even as she conveys deep empathy. †¢ 13 The reference to a parallel example of female appetite in contemporary culture as holding interest for the writer is aptly placed here. Were she to have mentioned it any earlier, it would have clouded the primarily hist orical nature and focu s of her venture. †¢ 14 It is wise at this point to zoom out a bit and show that th e writer's interest lies more broadly in early modern Europe and the hist ory of women. Zooming in and out from th e narrow to the general shows th at you are capable of becomi ng a specialist without being overly narrow. †¢ 15Showing interdisciplinarity and your abilities in language are key to your academic biography. In this case, the reader learns that she is a historian with training in literary and critical theory. †¢ 16 This is a model paragraph for showing what you did in your â€Å"time off† from school. Note how nothing extraneous to her study is me ntioned in this paragraph. The paragraph shows that the time off was spent wisely in preparing herself for graduate school. †¢ 17 She demonstrates a thorough-going knowledge of UC Berkeley. She mentions not one but two key scholars with whom she could pur sue her studies. She mentions how their rea of specialty dovetails with her own resear ch interests. Note how she does not make empty, flattering remarks about the professors or the school. †¢ 18 She continues to list bounties beyond the department strengthening the argument that Berkeley is well-suited for her. The reader will be impressed with the research and the seriousness with which she has examined UC Be rkeley as an option for graduate school. A well-written essay unveils much information about the writer, not only in her intellectual capacity, but also about her character and core values. Through her writing, she makes a distinctive impression.

Explore the ways in which writers present strong feelings to interest the reader or audience

Various techniques are used by writers to present strong feelings which evoke emotion from the reader or audience. Literary techniques are used in great lengths to both emphasise strong feelings in a literary piece and to also evoke strong feelings from an audience. The techniques embody language, structure and form. The experimentation of structure and poetic techniques used by writers create strong feelings within both the contemporary and present audience, ensuring audiences were and always will be interested in the literary piece.In the prologue of the play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ the audience learn that two dignified households in the city of Verona hold an ‘’ancient grudge’’ towards each other, which remains a source of the violent conflict which is central to the play. It can be suggested that hatred has grown stronger over a long period of time. Similarly, the structure of the poem undermined traditional Elizabethan sonnets which were tradit ionally love poems. Shakespeare’s, however, changed this form to show hatred, violence, conflict and death to foreshadow the ending of ‘Romeo and Juliet’.An Elizabethan audience would have recognised this, creating a feeling of excitement and curiosity within them. Likewise in ‘sonnet 43’ Browning has also undermined the traditional form of a sonnet to create religious imagery to describe her lover. Browning’s sonnet discusses and compares her strong feelings for her lover and as her description develops she illustrates that she loves him with the emotions of an entire life from childhood right through to death. ‘’I love thee with the breath, smiles, tears, of all my life!– And, if God choose, I shall love thee better after death’’. She worships her lover with all her heart and respects him much more than she does her religion. He touches all aspects of her life and gives meaning to her whole existence. The au dience would be shocked as during the Victorian era religion was paramount in the lives of the people. However, it is not just love for one person that is described but the feeling of love itself. Similarly, as Romeo and Juliet become innocent victims of an atrocious ‘‘strife’’ between their families when they ‘’take their lives’’.Considerably, the poet evokes strong feelings towards the emotion of love when Browning is describing the intensity of religion and the link between death and love, as Shakespeare does when he links the idea of love and death in the prologue, allowing both the audience and the reader to openly question the content without profanity. In the play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ segregated from society is a dominant feeling and a reoccurring theme. Romeo and Juliet go to extreme lengths to preserve their love together.They did this as according to Elizabethan society it was nor their ‘Fate’ nor ‘Destiny’ to ever be together. Therefore by choosing to be together consequences to them both mocking society. Juliet was Romeos second love which is ironic and therefore mocks society because Elizabethans believed in fate and destiny and that you could only ever love one person. If you loved again you weren’t really in love or you previous relationship wasn’t love but lust. Romeo’s feelings power his actions contradicting the Elizabethan norm which would undoubtedly evoke strong feelings such as disgust and shock from the audience.Alternatively in the poem ‘My last duchess’ the writer evokes strong feelings from the reader by focusing on the dominance and control of the Duke towards his wife. The audience in this case is this the ambassador acting on behalf of Ferdinand referred to in the poem as ‘The Count, your master’ but in reality it is the reader. This makes the reader feel rebellious as they are ‘eavesdroppin g’ on an interesting conversation. This completely contrasts to Romeos relationship with Juliet. They respect and accept each other as equals whereas the Duke doesn’t respect his wife or even acknowledge her.The duke refers to his wife, not by her name, by ‘she’. A contemporary reader would accept this as men were the dominant spouse. ‘’Half flushed that dies along the throat’’. This is ironic as it is said that the duke killed or had his wife killed, we could interpret that he beheaded or had her beheaded. This would surprise the reader as the duke earlier in the poem he compliments his wife, calling her a ‘wonder’. Although his words and actions are brutal the duke would have been accepted by society as men were believed to be higher than women.Romeo and Juliet’s love was not accepted by an Elizabethan society but they choose to ignore their friends and family, therefore appalling their audiences and mocking their entire beliefs. In the play Romeo and Juliet confusion, doubt and uncertainty are common emotions. During the balcony scene Juliet is speaking her mind unaware that Romeo had been listening. ‘’Be sworn my love, and I shall no longer be a Capulet’’. She would disown her family to be with Romeo, someone whom she had just met. This would have stunned an Elizabethan audience as she came from a rich, well respected family.There is more confusion when Juliet’s feelings change, ‘’ it is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden’’. Shakespeare uses the ‘rule of three’ to emphasise on the word ‘too’. He does this to show how strong Juliet’s doubt towards Romeo is. An Elizabethan audience would be confused as to how she could change her mind as they believed in love at first sight and this was going against that belief. Shakespeare mocks his entire society though his characters by showing them that fate and destiny is not written in the stars but is decided by you.Equally, in the poem ‘The Laboratory’ there is a lot of confusion between the character and the reader. The woman in the poem is searching for the perfect poison to commit a murder. She cannot seem to decide what poison she would like and is distracted by the â€Å"exquisite blue† colours of the poisons. ‘’Yonder soft phial†¦ sure to taste sweetly, – is that poison too? ’’. Her actions are very child-like and due to her frequent change of mind the reader will begin to doubt her motive and seriousness.The reader feels confused at her motives and could assume the poem is comic and not serious. By using a question mark, the poet emphasises the protagonists confused mind. This confusion is further highlighted by the â€Å"-â€Å"which separates the question from the rest of the stanza and draws it to the attention of the reader. Clearly, Shakespeare and Mr and Mrs Browning all convey strong emotion to the audience and readers whether it is through language, structure or form. This is one of the main reasons why their literature has lasted and is greatly treasured.

The Role of Social Media in Modern Society

The Role of Social Media in Modern Society The recent developments in wireless technologies have introduced new means and directions of communication. Million of people all over the world are now engaged in political, economic, cultural, and educational discourses due to the vast expansion of the World Wide Web. Indeed, social media has transformed people’s lifestyles and has introduced a new pattern of social interaction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Social Media in Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Just several years ago, people many people did not even suspect of the possibilities that such popular social networks as Facebook and Twitter can provide in terms of communication. Nowadays, Facebook has become one of the largest networks in the world by means of which people can share and exchange views, images, and photos. However, apart from changes to social structures, the social networking systems have managed to go beyo nd and influence business, education, and politics. With this in mind, social media has a multifaceted impact on the modern society because it affects all spheres of life, including business, culture, politics, education, and economics. Today social media cannot be regarded as a means of spending spare time because it has introduced the biggest shift since the times of the Industrial Revolution. Therefore, the spread of online communication can also be considered a revolutionary shift. Indeed, social networks have altered the traditional image of social communication and have provided new incentives and tools of information exchange. Facebook and Twitter have become essential tools for initiating environmental activities and spreading news and services that can reach thousands of potential activists (Kutsko). As statistics shows, Facebook dominates in Google in terms of weekly traffic in the United States, which proves the fast-growing tendencies in using the social network for othe r purpose than communication and social interaction (Kutsko). Social media has quickly penetrated the educational field. It has also introduced online learning, which is becoming more popular among international students all over the world. Indeed, Facebook has managed to reach more than 200 million users in less than a year (Kutsko). Therefore, more and more students share their opinions and create online communities to advance their learning and improve performance. The possibility to discuss educational challenges is a beneficial perspective for students. In addition, the research studies conducted by the U.S. Department of Education have discovered that online students outperformed those who are engaged in a traditional learning scheme.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, social media has become an integral part of business and marketing activities. Because ev ery credible business premises on ethical and moral values dictated by society, adoption of social networking sites is essential for promoting products and services. In fact, social media allows business to gain immediate feedback about their products. Moreover, it also creates opportunities for predicting the needs and demands of consumers. In conclusion, social media has reached every facet of human activities. It has become an integral part of communication means. Online networks, such as Facebook and Twitten, have penetrated to social and cultural realms and have provided new patterns of acting in a real environment. Virtual space, therefore, have become one more source by means of which people can introduce their educational and business activities. Finally, online networks become powerful tools for advertising products and services, as well as for attracting new marketing targets. Overall, social media can be considered as a foundational shift in daily activities and lifestyle s. It is also a step up toward a new communication environment. Kutsko, Evan. â€Å"Social Media Revolution†. 7 Jan. 2011. YouTube. Web. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SBXOjEZUIm8

The Trade Deficit Causes and Solutions essays

The Trade Deficit Causes and Solutions essays There is a strong tendency among American politicians and economists to attempt to deal with issues and problems in isolation. Politicians take this approach because they apparent have difficulty dealing with complexity. Economists take this approach so that they can factor troublesome variables out of their equations. One result of the approach of treating issues and problems in isolation is the development of solutions that are ineffective when they are implemented in the real world where isolation from other factors is no longer an option. The tendency to deal with the issue of international trade in isolation has led to policies that tend to make the situation worse rather than better. The United States government (it makes little difference which administration is in control of the White House) likes to play the role of the world's policeman (and it likes to be involved in all disputes). This role is very expensive, but the United States government and United States taxpayers do not like to ask Americans to pay the bill in the form of a balanced budget. A balanced budget would require an increase in taxes, as there is just so much the Congress can squeeze out of services for the poor and the old without bringing the electorate down on them (Gale Therefore, the Congress and the President agree to pay the bill resulting from foreign policy by resorting to deficit spending. Deficit spending on a massive scale by the federal government places the government in direct competition with American businesses and American consumers in the capital markets. The government needs money to fund the budget deficit. American businesses need money to fund new projects. American consumers need money to buy new houses and cars. In the normal course of events, however, there is not enough capital to satisfy all of these needs when the federal government is a massive borr...

College vs. High School Differences and Similarities

College vs. High School Differences and Similarities Many students cant wait for high school to end and college to start which is associated with freedom, friends, living without parents and a chance to take control over your life. Most people admit that in college theyve entered adult life. We wont talk about adulthood here as its not the time for tedious matters we are going to compare the differences and similarities of life in high school and college instead. What should you expect from each? What are the main challenges of each? Is college academically hard? Lets go straight to business. Comparing Two Milestones of Student Life So, you want to move out of your parents house as quickly as possible to have fun and attend parties, as youve heard these are the only things college students do. However, this is not actually true. Obviously, there are a lot of differences between studying in high school and in college. To help you figure out what they are, weve prepared the lists that are divided into categories determined by different spheres and aspects of both academic levels. Studying Process While high school studying process might seem difficult, many students find studying in college more challenging due to lack of self-motivation. High School: You attend all the scheduled classes You have a lot of classes a day You are obligated to be in school and do your homework College: You schedule your classes the way you want You choose classes which you long to learn Attending classes and completing assignments are your responsibility You spend most of your time on homework Commonly your course grade is defined by one single exam or assignment You might be also interested to know more about the differences between high school and college finals. Lifestyle and Social Sphere Its hard to be objective when it comes to comparing college vs. high school social life because getting into a college can be too overwhelming to keep a clear mind. Parties, adulthood, numerous new friends, tight budget, anxiety, new everyday routine – all of these things are like an avalanche for a freshman. High school: You need to get up early in the morning to be able to get to school right on time for your first class You live with your parents You know everyone in your class You have a schedule assembled by your teachers and parents Studying at home for 2-4 hours a week might be enough the rest of your spare time you spend as you wish You try to look â€Å"cool† and often feel embarrassed College: You get to know a lot of new people from different parts of the country (or the world) You can stay up all night – anyway, getting up the next day will be only your problem You can schedule your weeks as you want to You spend less time in class, but you have to study more in the dorm or in the library You can visit events and parties without someones permission Everyone is too busy to pay attention to your outfits Establishing a friendship with your roommate is highly recommended Teachers and Professors Its not a secret that most of the time in college you spend on trying to force yourself to complete your assignment. You will also need to learn how to contact your professor and how to find his or her office hours in a gigantic schedule. High school: Teachers closely follow the books Teachers help to be right on time with all of your assignments Teachers try to motivate and engage you Teachers provide you with assigned material College: Professors follow the books they wrote and academic works or personal experience No one will hunt you down for attendance, but you will have problems if you skip the classes You are the only one who can motivate yourself – its not your professors business Professors treat you like a grown-up and expect responsible and deliberate behavior from you Food Food is almost the last thing a student thinks about when imagining studying in college. But its a very significant issue which almost in all cases requires basic cooking skills. High school: Your parents provide you with healthy dishes You can eat in a school cafeteria during a school year You rarely or never cook for yourself College: Just find something more nutritious than a pack of chips. These Tricks for Cooking Healthy College Meals on a Budget can help you. So, weve already defined some differences between these two life stages. Lets make an overall comparison of student life in high school and college. College vs. High School Life in college has so many opportunities, which were banned for students during high school years. But it is also accompanied by many difficulties students face for the first time in their lives. High School You dont know what time-management is You need to learn how to take care of a plant in your room Teachers try to encourage you to learn You are banned from many events You wish you had more spare time You are anxious about specialization choice Sometimes you lie youre sick Everyone attend high-school because they are obligated to You think that college level is the end of learning You believe that tests are the worst part of studying You think that college students spend the whole time at the parties You cant wait to get into a college You wish you were older College You need to work on your time management skills You need to learn how to plan your budget You need to learn how to take care of yourself Self-motivation is your main task Parties are not as fun as one says Studying takes a lot of spare time You choose college classes which you are interested in You have no time to be sick Those who attend college do that because they want to and chose to You know that you have a lot more things to learn after college graduation You need to perform actually in-depth researches You think that high-school students are kids You can find a part-time job You need to learn how long human can live without sleep

Branding Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Branding Marketing - Essay Example There is also the suggestion that the environments without harsh government restrictions like the U.S. market have been the avenues to favor the success of entrance of the new brands. The section has reviewed the history of the beer market and the current trends in the consumption that aid the progress of the Monterrey Beer product. Competitive Analysis The section has clearly mentioned the other products that offer competition to Monterrey Brewing Company. With the inclusion of the market share in the leading products, there is the realization of the scope of marketing need to advertise the product. The author has further compared the available brands of the advertised product to the competitors, which offer the needed analysis in the consumer trend. The competitors have been listed with the leading brand and the marketing strategy that they apply to gain the needed profit. The author should construct a table to compare the measures to be applied by Monterrey in advertising to be co mpared to the leading brands. With a chronological list of the brands within a table that accords comparison, the author is able to convince the target of the relationship of the brand with the competitors, and the needed measures for proper marketing (Pride, Hughes & Kapoor, 2012). However, there is a detailed account of the competitors and their prevalence within the market giving Monterrey an adequate position. Brand Strategic Plan Vision The vision of the beer holds all the components required for adequate marketing with the flavor included and the motive of the brand to consumers. However, the vision should mention the performance of the established brand as compared to the known beers. The phrase should include the provision of the Monterrey to offer the realized satisfaction as compared to the known brands in the market. Objectives The objective clearly outlines the motive of the company to enter into the competitive market with the two leading brands in Ale and Ginger Light. The author further lists the objective to strengthen relations in the market to the consumers by offering satisfaction. Strategies The 4Ps are accorded the needed definition to offer the proper marketing strategy in the market. The author gives detailed description of the product that is needed to accord the identity and distinction from the other brands. The mention of the pricing and the communication measures to be applied has been properly mentioned with Monterrey as a new product. The author has captured the section in detail, and this has completed the needed instructions to complete the strategy section to offer evidence of the marketing provision. Target Customer Segmentation Analysis The section contains the necessary information on the consumer demographic but the author should offer the listing on a table format. This is because tables are easier to interpret and allow for the analysis of the market condition with the changes made with market fluctuation. The author also issues explanation on the consumption trend that is affected with the existence of product variety. Consumer Insight The author has included the needed measures to communicate with the consumers. The strategy to include the updated communication channels for advertising and connection to the customers prove ideal in the modern society. Growth of new products within the market is supported by the application of modernized measures in connecting to the consumers that are faster and cheaper. Brand Essence The author has included the steps applied in manufacturing the finalized product to create assurance to the consumers of the product utilized. The Brand Essence section has been accorded the description to show the professionalism of the company and their ability to compete

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT - Essay Example horough research on the present scenario of the international markets and puts forward the viable options that PALTEK can take to enter the international market successfully. The report also highlights the challenges and obstacles that the company might encounter when venturing internationally. Patek is a company basd in Bedfordshire and has around 70 employees currently. The annual turnover of PALTEK is  £5 million and the company is headed by Jack Leiter . They had earlier attempted to sell its products in international markets; however they didn’t succeed as expected, probably because they did not have a clear strategy to market their products internationally. That is the reason why PALTEK is looking for a better overall strategy which can enable them to be a successful global player in printed circuit board sector. The company is searching for potential international markets and also a restructuring of their internal organization for better management of its foreign operations. Presently, PALTEK supplies circuit boards for the B2B market and their main clients are the IT sector and the military. Although they have been successful in the UK market, they want to enter the Nordic as well as the US markets in a major way. They also have a presence in Asia, but they are primarily looking to expand their European market. They’ve been approached by a Swedish company for a partnership but the negotiations have not materialized. PALTEK’s goal now is to generate 20-25% of their total profit from the foreign market in the next two years. Internationalization is a process which involves a change in various facets of the organization. In order to succeed, PALTEK would require an in-depth knowledge of the international market, particularly the Nordic market for printed circuit boards. It also needs to modify its marketing approach according to the local needs of the particular market. Other major areas to change include development of better logistics,

MAcro R Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MAcro R - Assignment Example National Statistics charged with the mandate of reporting the rate of unemployment in United Kingdom reports that; the mean rate of the unemployment rate is 7.70 percent from the period of the year 1971 until 2013. The greatest unemployment rate was 12.0 percent reported on May 1984, and the lowest rate of the unemployment was 3.4 percent reported in November 1973 (Trading Economics 2013). In the United Kingdom, the calculation of the unemployment rate measures the number of persons actively searching for an occupation as a percentage of the entire workforce (National Statistics 2013). Moreover, National Statistics reported that there were 2.89 million of unemployed people in UK down from 18.000 reported on March to May 2013. These statistics clearly indicates that the unemployment rate has been declining day by day in United Kingdom. This is as a result of the government effort through which it established policies intended to succumb unemployment among other issues affecting UK eco nomy. From the use of Microeconomic principles, there may be a host of causes of unemployment in UK. ... The main reasons for frictional employment in U.K are because information is not always perfect and it always takes time for people to find work. The next common form of unemployment is the structural unemployment, which occurs due to a mismatch of skills in the labour market. There are three main reasons for this form of unemployment namely occupational immobility, geographical immobility and technological change. Occupational immobility refers to the difficulties in learning new skills applicable to a new industry. Many people fail to access information relevant in assisting them gain a competitive advantage in the job market. With the changes that occur everyday in organizations the job market continues to become more demanding, unfortunately many unemployed people either lack the knowledge of what they need to get the jobs or lack the finances to advance their skills. Geographical immobility that refers to the difficulty of working in certain areas because of issues of transport and movement is another common cause of unemployment. For example, there may be job in London, but accommodation and living conditions compared to the place one lives may be difficult to afford. For other people, it is difficult to leave their families in search for employment. Change in technology may also lead to unemployment. This is so because firm can lay off some of its labour force since it is possible to perform a similar amount of work with the help of technology and maintain a smaller work force. Changes in the economy are also likely to lead to unemployment as some firm may have to close down after economic changes make it impossible for them to continue operating (Snower 1997) Other causes of unemployment are when people

The Mexican narcotrafficking problem Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Mexican narcotrafficking problem - Case Study Example The cartel has grown so big that Sinaloa’s infamous leader Joaquin â€Å"El Chapo† Guzman has assumed a mythical proportion as an outlaw indicating that government’s approach to tackle the cartel and drug issue is not suitable. To make any strategy and state intervention initiative effective, the state needs to understand first how NTO’s became so large and wealthy and to understand their strategies how they develop their markets and fight their competitors. Knee jerk approach such as former president Enrique Calderon’s military solution is not suitable to solve the issue. In understanding the business models of NTO, they also need to identify its weaknesses and vulnerabilities. One of which was already identify which it cannot operate without the huge income from trafficking which was needed to fund arms procurement and increased personnel numbers. Having this understanding of how NTOs and cartels work and their business model, the state can appropriately formulate their own strategy that is effective and durable. This understanding will also allow them to act preemptively in the future making it more suitable to tackle Mexico’s drug, cartel and violence problem. Suitable counter-NTO strategies should be acceptable to all stakeholders and it is imperative that the state has the appropriate capabilities. The desired approach must be suitable to the problem with the direct effect of curbing if not stopping NTOs. Present reality indicates that the previous approach in solving the NTO problem is not suitable. Mexican President Enrique Peà ±a Nieto has only limited years in tenure to deliver visible results in tackling the NTO and violence problem in Mexico if he is to be reelected. His adviser already knows that military solution alone will not solve the problem. The paper also mentioned the law enforcement

Bibliofind Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bibliofind - Research Paper Example The common types of firewalls include packet filter, application gateway, circuit- level and Proxy server. The firewall is placed between the computer and the internet for it to prevent the intruders. In choosing the firewall to use, there are important issues Bibliofind needed to consider and they include:-Application protection, stealth mode, inbound and outbound filter. Outbound and inbound filters information when they passes through the system, only important information will be allowed to pass while discarding the rest based on the rules which have been created by the Bibliofind Company. This is the primary function of the firewalls. Bibliofind ought to have paid attention to this kind of information in order to protect their server from intruders. Bibliofind should use Stealth mode because it is one of the vital elements or rules to be considered while installing its firewalls as it helps not to block but to make your computer appear as if it does not exist. Due to this, intruders and hackers will be made to think that you are not connected or you are offline. Use of Intrusion detection is also one of the best ways Bibliofind ought to have used since hackers usually use very many ways to penetrate the security system. Scan for intrusion detection is important and it would have helped Bibliofind to notify the presence of such intruders and Biblofind could have been safe from these hackers. Personal information can be defined as; or to include individual name, personal, social status and any other information which might be of any security concern. When this bill was passed in state of California, many people supported it while others decline to support it. The arguments against this bill is that it might make consumers to believe that data breach could lead to stealing of identity and this could lead in the increase of the cost of running the business without benefiting consumers or business people.

Women's Liberation Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Women's Liberation Movement - Essay Example The women were forced; especially the American women used all the possible means to liberate themselves during the time. They needed to stand on the political throne, vote and receive votes just as the men and that Collins compared with the 2008 parliament. American women also got tired with the house slavery, as their chore was to rear children and keep houses while men get to work. The women also had the urge to work and earn income just like the men. In addition, economic situation in the 1960s offered them a lot for them in the job market. Life was not easy for women as men censored most of the things they did while no one, not even the legal system was on their side to defend their plights. The women had no option, but to receive a just amicable way of pleading for their rights. However; the government was adamant, Washington never took the time to address their plight thus they were forced to come up with more aggressive moves. At this time, the American women find it hard to l ive without controlling their dressing mode as this was governed and evaluated by the society. The women could not make their independent choices on their leisure activities, as travels, as well as they were not accepted in some modest places due to gender imbalances. They felt closed and enslaved that they opted for liberation measure. As Collins takes the comparison to today’s American woman has made a number of great steps, although all their expectation as equity is concerned have not been achieved. Thesis Statement Though, women are often despised, they have made a lot of progress and constantly struggled to liberate themselves from economic, political and social discrimination. Introduction Women liberation movements have immensely succeeded in many spheres of women life. Collins has produced a book, which significantly describes the effect of gender and societal perception on it. She gives a detailed account after account of women from 1950s to 2008 to draw the distinc tion of the position of a woman in the different societies over the time. She writes this based on researches and data from different times. She uses real people to show the reality of women situation across the times. Collins puts side-by-side comparison of the American woman before and after her fights for liberation. He depicts an enslaved 1950s woman and measures their achievement against those like Hilary Clinton. The books shows that woman liberation, although has been tough, has seen woman freer and more protected by her rights and economically. Social Organizations When women started to realize that they could preform equally like men, they started voicing their grievances, but Washington was so reluctant to help them, thus the women sought alternative measures. Although, the women got some support from some men, most of their queries were addressed by themselves. The period of history that Collins writes about is regarded as the time when life was much less enjoyable to the women, also referred what the women on ‘Mad Men’ know1. The book gives accounts of women from politicians to homemakers, underwent suffering due to their feminine nature. The societal values and cultural system gave the women the lowest state in the society. Collins accounts for the effects of the battles these women fought to achieve acceptability in the society. The book gives early lives of women like Phyllis Schlafly, who worked hard trying to convince her sisters about their

Bibliofind Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bibliofind - Research Paper Example The common types of firewalls include packet filter, application gateway, circuit- level and Proxy server. The firewall is placed between the computer and the internet for it to prevent the intruders. In choosing the firewall to use, there are important issues Bibliofind needed to consider and they include:-Application protection, stealth mode, inbound and outbound filter. Outbound and inbound filters information when they passes through the system, only important information will be allowed to pass while discarding the rest based on the rules which have been created by the Bibliofind Company. This is the primary function of the firewalls. Bibliofind ought to have paid attention to this kind of information in order to protect their server from intruders. Bibliofind should use Stealth mode because it is one of the vital elements or rules to be considered while installing its firewalls as it helps not to block but to make your computer appear as if it does not exist. Due to this, intruders and hackers will be made to think that you are not connected or you are offline. Use of Intrusion detection is also one of the best ways Bibliofind ought to have used since hackers usually use very many ways to penetrate the security system. Scan for intrusion detection is important and it would have helped Bibliofind to notify the presence of such intruders and Biblofind could have been safe from these hackers. Personal information can be defined as; or to include individual name, personal, social status and any other information which might be of any security concern. When this bill was passed in state of California, many people supported it while others decline to support it. The arguments against this bill is that it might make consumers to believe that data breach could lead to stealing of identity and this could lead in the increase of the cost of running the business without benefiting consumers or business people.

American Tool Works Essay Example for Free

American Tool Works Essay This course focuses on improving the performance of the firm and its supply chain through coordination among multiple sites, functions, and economic actors (customers and suppliers). Students will know how to design and implement strategies for structure and management, both cross-functionally, with the firm, and across an industry value chain among interacting firms. These strategies include restructuring supply chain facility networks, coordinating information and materials flow, managing supplier relations, and managing customer order fulfillment processes. The theme of the course is that strategies that enhance integration throughout the supply chain can lead to improved performance (in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, quality, customer satisfaction, cost, flexibility, etc. ), providing firms with a source of competitive advantage. TEXTBOOK: D. Simchi-Levi, P. Kaminsky, and E. Simchi-Levi, Designing and Managing the Supply Chain: Concepts, Strategies, and Case Studies, 3rd ed. , McGraw Hill/Irwin, New York, 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-298239-8. READINGS:Additional articles and cases will be made available through WebCT and http://cb. hbsp. harvard. edu/cb/access/5023124 SOFTWARE:The Beer Game simulation software is available on the web and will be used for real-time ordering, planning, forecasting decisions in the supply chain. The Risk Pool Game is available on the CD that comes with the text. The Global Supply Chain Management Simulation is available through harvardbusinessonline. com and allows students to manage product design, procurement, and production for four simulated years. Excel will be used for inventory management, supply contracts, and for optimal resource allocation and distribution network configuration. PREREQUISITES: Second year standing COURSE OBJECTIVES: 1. Recognize salient challenges and opportunities for managing supply chains. 2. Become familiar with supply chain strategies that have been adopted by leading companies. 3. Learn to use several analytical tools to assess tradeoffs and support decision making. METHOD: This course stress those models, concepts, and solutions methods that can be applied to the design, control, operation, and management of supply chain systems. The course includes lectures, case discussions, presentations, and hands-on, practical exercises and games to provide both a sound base of learning and an opportunity to test and develop skill. Students should do all of the assigned readings and cases before coming to class, and prepare for, and contribute to, class discussions. Excel is used to support the quantitatively intensive topics. STUDENT TEAMS: Teams will consist of about five students who will work together as the presenting and questioning teams for cases and articles as described below. The teams may allocate the work as desired, as long as all team members agree with the allocation. The team should let a member know if they are not performing at an appropriate level, and should contact the instructor if problems persist. Each team member will provide the instructor with an evaluation of their team members’ performance at the end of the term by allocating 100 total points (no self-allocation) between the other members. This information will be used to adjust team work grades. CASE PRESENTATIONS: Each student team will have the opportunity of serving as the â€Å"presenting team† for two of the cases and the â€Å"questioning team† for one of the cases that we will discuss in class. The â€Å"presenting team† will provide the background and content of the case, an analysis of what the company did correctly or incorrectly, and suggestions about what the company should do in the future. They should also address any questions given as part of the case write-up or indicated by the instructor. The â€Å"questioning team† will be responsible for questioning the presenting team, offering alternative solutions, and for leading the rest of the class in a discussion of the case. The questioning team will submit a written list of questions prior to the presentation. The members of the class will be asked to assess the performance of both teams. The instructor will incorporate the class evaluations into the presentation grades.

History Of Optic Fiber Usage Information Technology Essay

History Of Optic Fiber Usage Information Technology Essay The idea of fiber optics communication system is basically sending information through light. Optical fiber was first developed in 1970 as a basic communication purpose with a very low attenuation as transmitting light through fiber optics cable for long distance communication. In 1975, the first commercial fiber optics communication system was developed using semiconductor laser and operated at 0.8 Â µm wavelength and a bit-rate of 45 Mbps (Mega bits per second) up to 10 km (Elion Elion 1978) (Sullivan Curt 2003). In long beach California was the first live telephone traffic sent at about 6 Mbps and it was in 1977. After that, generations of fiber optics system technologies were developed, improved, and upgraded to achieve the first transatlantic operation in 1988. All fiber optics systems are limited by something called dispersion. The initial thought of fiber optics was an experiment involving a bucket of water and sunlight. It demonstrated the suns reflection within the bucket with a hole and water pouring out illuminating the water and the sunlight can be seen in the stream of water (Elion Elion 1978). Then it moved on to optical voice transmission known as photo phone. Further, it went to fiberscope that was used to inspect welds within reactor vessels, combustion chambers of the jet engines, and then to the medical field utilized in laparoscopic surgery. Researches and improvements continued through the fiber optics generations to overcome the dispersion phenomena by using dispersion-shifted fibers to minimize the dispersion at 1.55 Â µm or by limiting the laser spectrum to a single longitudinal mode (Alwayn 2004) (Sullivan Curt 2003). The idea of using fiber optical amplification came with the development of the fifth generation. The amplification development reduced the need of using repeaters and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM); which will be described in details later; and increases the data capacity. By these developments, a bit rate of 10 Tb/s was achieved in 2001. The developments of fiber optics generations are a continuous operation to especially for the huge market of the internet communications which requires an increase in communications bandwidth such as video on demand. These growing in using internet protocol data traffic are increasing side by side with faster rate integrated systems complexity. (Elion Elion 1978) Fiber optics manufacturers had reduced the cost by the huge request of communication companies such as ATT to take the advantage of delivering the technology of internet and telephone through higher data broadband services to customers homes (Sullivan Curt 2003) (Snell 1996). Fiber optics is already being used nowadays in military and commercial aircraft, and some of the areas it altogether replaced the Digital Flight Data Recorder with the newer Distributed Flight Data Acquisition Unit that performs the same thing but evaluates much more information. Indeed, future aircrafts will see fiber optics technology in the flight controls. Fiber optics has evolved practically from ideas to a thing of the future (Alwayn 2004) (Elion Elion 1978). Fiber optics Application The demand and usage of optical fiber has grown rapidly and optical fiber applications are numerous. Ranging from global networks to desktop workstation, telecommunication applications are widespread. These involve the transmission of data, voice, or video across distances of less than a meter to thousands of kilometers by utilizing one of a few standard fiber designs within one of several cable designs. Optical fibers are used by carriers to carry plain old telephone service (POTS) over their nationwide networks. Furthermore, local exchange carriers (LECs) employ fiber to carry the same service across central office switches at local levels and often as far as the individual home (fiber to the home, FTTH) or neighborhood (Alwayn 2004) (Elion Elion 1978). Moreover, optical fiber has a widespread use in transmission of data. Multinational firms require reliable and secure systems for transferring data and financial information among buildings to the computers of desktop terminals and around the world. Fiber is also used by cable televising companies in order to deliver digital video and data services. Due to the high bandwidth offered by fiber, it is the ideal choice for transmitting broadband signals like the high-definition television telecasts. Furthermore, intelligent transportations systems including smart highways equipped with intelligent traffic signals, changeable message signs, and automated tollbooths, also utilize telemetry systems based on fiber-optics (Alwayn 2004) (Fiber-Optics.Info 2010). Biomedical industry is another significant application of optical fiber. Fiber-optic systems are used in almost all modern telemedicine systems and devices for transmission of digital diagnostic images. Additionally, other applications for optical fiber also include military, space, industrial and the automotive sector (Elion Elion 1978) (Snell 1996). Fiber optics communication technology is used by todays telecommunications companies such as ATT in the United States and BT in the UK. Also it is used by internet providers and cable television signal providers such as Sky. For the huge expense of fiber optics system, the technology was first used for long-distance communication only. But, now days developments of the cities infrastructure had to take place to install the fiber optics communication system regardless of the cost and time consuming. The challenge of fiber optics technology companies was reflected positively on the market and the cost of fiber optics communications dropped considerably (Alwayn 2004) (Elion Elion 1978) (Fiber-Optics.Info 2010). By the developments of optical amplification system, an intercontinental network of 250,000 km of submarine-communication-cable was developed with a capacity of about 2.5 Tb/s was achieved. Also, the optical communication system was installed onboard aircrafts for data, video, and radio signals communication. It was first introduced to aviation industry by NASA researches on military aircrafts such as the first F/A-18 hornet through its RTDP; radar tracking and detecting system processor, missile video tracing system, and with the FLIR system; forward looking infra red sensor, and the integrated radar system with increased speed and memory capacity. Military aircrafts are always in-need to reduce weight when it is in slick phase to improve its capability of maneuvering and delivering various types of ordnance in a very precise targeting and accurate guidance. Lately, this technology was used on the F-22 airforce raptor on its high speed data bus and fiber optics transceiver (Alwayn 2004). This idea was reflected on the civil aircrafts later on as they always in-need to reduce weight to overcome the fuel usage and deliver larger number of passengers which means saving mo ney and increasing profits. Besides that, the new avionics systems technology and complexity required new communication system other than the copper wires such as the normal ARINCs (Fiber-Optics.Info 2010). Boeing and Airbus developed very complex integrated systems that control the aircraft performance at an altitude of 30,000 ft and above which required bigger and more complicated communication systems which means: More chance of shorting the wires. More EMI (electro-magnetic-interference) which can cause a distortion for the signals More weight More chance of shorting and cause sparks and fire on-board and aircraft The first official usage of fiber optics technology usage was on-board the Boeing 777 after the development of its AIMS (Aircraft Information Management System) which have more than 2 million of computer codes. Also Boeing 777 was the first aircraft to install an optical LAN (local area network) for on-board data communication and on its cabin systems communications (Sullivan Curt 2003) (Snell 1996). After that, fiber optics system was installed on the Boeing 757 flown by Air Mexico who did not experience a single failure. So here comes the safety, reliability, durability and stability of signals communications on-board an aircraft which can make the affordability part negligible. We have to mention that the cost of optical fiber systems are dropping for the establishments and marketing competition of huge number of manufacturers and suppliers (Alwayn 2004) (Fiber-Optics.Info 2010). Fiber Optics vs. Electrical Copper Wires: Fundamentally, there are three types of transmission media: copper wires, waveguides and free space. Copper wire, such as coaxial cable is broadly used. A signal is transmitted across the wire in either digital or analog form to a receiver placed at the end of the wire. Free-space transmission is also widely used through which radio, television and other across-the-air signals are carried. Waveguides describe the fiber-optic transmission. Significantly, a waveguide such as a optical fiber restrains the electromagnetic radiation, light (Bidgoli 2010). Fiber optic transmission provides the best elements of both free-space and coaxial transmission. It is capable of carrying a signal from point A to point B in the absence of any limited electromagnetic spectrum. Nonetheless, it does not suffer from limited data rate and bandwidth is the same way as the coaxial cables do. The advantages of fiber optics system over the copper wires are: No Electro-Magnetic-Interference (EMI). No radio-Frequency-interference (EMF). Immunity from electromagnetic noise High Signal quality Lighter weight cables Longer distance capability (Bidgoli 2010) Smaller diameter cables which mean saving more space. Greater bandwidth for data transfer Safety against shorting and sparking High bandwidth and greater information capacity Easy upgrade: Can be upgraded easier without ripping and replacing cable harnesses. Easier maintenance and handling, proved by Boeing and Lockheed martin engineers Lower cost (Bidgoli 2010) Lower signal loss for long distance communication Higher resistance against stress, temperature and vibration and higher lightning strikes incidence. Doesnt require repeaters for long distance communication Can operate for up to 100 km without passive or active processing But, we have to say that copper wires have some specifications that fiber optics doesnt: Can carry electrical power beside the signals Lower material costs Doesnt have minimum bending radius Can easily be installed between boxes and chips (Bidgoli 2010) Cable technology is used for connecting networks together; however, as optical fiber technology is moving forward, it is gradually replacing copper wires as an excellent medium of communication signal transmission. The main reason for this is that fiber optics offers much more benefits than conventional copper wires and cables, as stated above (Sullivan Curt 2003). Moreover, these benefits can be elaborated as follows: Resistance to Interference: Fiber optics do not conduct electricity as it is obtained from glass, which eliminates activities like grounding and makes it potentially immune to electromagnetic interruption. Working of Fiber optics, unlike copper cables, is based on light pulses that make it usable outdoors and in close proximity to electrical cables (Bidgoli 2010). Low Maintenance: This entails that optical fiber is not sensitive to elements like water and chemicals because it is produced from glass. Additionally, Fiber optics cannot be damaged by harsh elements. This makes the overall cost of maintenance and service lesser than its counterpart. Efficiency and Security: Information can be transmitted with greater fidelity with the help of fiber optics unlimited bandwidth. It can offer nearly 1,000 times as much bandwidth across distances approximately 100 times farther than copper cables. This provides a super-fast connection running in circles around the bandwidth assigned by cable connections. Moreover, since fiber optics is harder to tap than regular copper wires, it can offer additional data security (Bidgoli 2010). Picture Quality: In comparison to copper wires, the high quality technology embedded in fiber optics is much more powerful. One can obtain high-definition picture quality from fiber technology as there is no external interference. Safety: Fiber optics poses no threat of physical injuries during breakage of fiber optic cables. Instead of transmitting through electricity, it transmits data via light. Users face no risk of injury from dangers such as sparking, electrocution, fire, etc. (Bidgoli 2010). Interestingly, the benefits of converting into fiber technology such as Ethernet converters show proven advantages, considering that internet infrastructure is steadily making this transition rather than conventional copper cabling. Furthermore, applications of fiber optic include manufacturing and process control, supervisory control as well as data acquisition. Using transceiver modules provide a cutting edge and most importantly the highest quality data transmission for users television, home phone and internet (Sullivan Curt 2003). Basic components of fiber optics system: It is consisted of: Core: it is basically a cylinder of glass or plastic material. Cladding: a layer causing the light signal to be confined to the core by using the total internal reflection method. Buffer: a layer used to capsulate one or more core and cladding providing mechanical isolation and a protection from physical damage. Jacket: a further isolation and protection. Characteristics The major characteristics of optical fiber transmission lines are: Attenuation and its variation with transmission input wavelength, cable temperature and modal distribution. Radiation: and its variation with fiber temperature and bend radius Distortion and its variation with bandwidth, amplitudes, wavelength and modal distribution of the input light, length of the fiber, and lastly, environmental temperature (Snell 1996) Physical Parameters: This includes weight, size, ease of installation, total volume, coupling and splicing. Environmental parameters: This includes resistance to stress, water and chemical corrosion, temperatures and mechanical stresses (Alwayn 2004). Types: single mode and multi-mode fibers. A single-mode optical fiber Multi-mode optical fiber There are two categories of optical fibers, namely, single-mode fiber optical cable and multi-mode fiber optic cable. In essence, these types of fiber optic cables are comprised of numerous layers of glass, each having refractive index lower than the one next to moving from the center outwards. Since light is faster in lower glass refractive index, the wavelengths of light are broken outside the fiber, capable of traveling to the middle (Snell 1996). Multi-mode Fiber Optic Cable: Optical fiber with a base diameter greater than 10 microns can be analyzed through geometrical optics, and is called a multi-mode fiber. In this type of optic cable, the rays of light along the core of the fiber are led by total reflection. Moreover, rays meeting the core-mantle border at a high angle over the critical angle for this limit are fully considered. The critical angle is said to be the difference in refractive index between the mantle and core materials. Rays hitting the border at a shallow angle form the base breaks into the mantle and does not transmit the light and information along the fiber. Moreover, the acceptance of the fiber is determined by the critical angle, and is often referred to as a numerical aperture (Snell 1996). A greater numerical aperture allows light to spread into two distinct beams at different angles near the axis, for the effective coupling of light into the fiber. Single-mode Fiber Optic Fiber Fiber core diameter of nearly ten times the wavelength of light propagation is impossible to model with geometric optics. Rather, they can be studied as an electromagnetic structure by solving Maxwells equations that are reduced to the electromagnetic wave equation. It acts as an optical waveguide and supports one or more confined transverse modes which allows light to propagate through the fiber. Fiber that supports only one mode is known as mono-mode or single mode fiber. It is an extremely focused source of light which limits beams to a smaller range or angles closed to the horizontal. A fiber optic data cable has three primary functions. It converts an electrical input signal into an optical signal, transmit the optical signal across an optical fiber, and lastly, convert the optical signal back to an electrical signal (Green 2006). Transmitter: It is a semiconductor device and can be an LED (light emitting diode) or a laser diode. It converts the electrical input signal into an optical signal, and its drive circuit changes the current flow across the light source, which in turn changes the irradiance of the source. This process of changing the irradiance of the source as a function of time is known as modulation. Receiver: It is a photo-detector and the main component of the receiver which converts light signals into electrical using the photoelectric effects method. It is basically a semiconductor-based photodiode. Amplifier: it is used instead of the complex repeaters. It amplifies the light and optical signals without converting it to electrical. Fiber-optic telecommunication systems operate on pulse-code modulation in which information is sent across as a series of pulses. Moreover, the digital pulse-code modulation is coupled into a fiber and the fiber end set up by a connector in order to maximize the input power. In fiber-optic communication systems, semi-conductor lasers are best suited. Their shape and size enables efficient coupling of light within the small-diameter core of an optical fiber (Sullivan Curt 2003). The fiber then carries the light towards the receiver which detects the light and recovers the digital signal. As scattering, dispersion and absorption in the fiber degrade the signal, optical amplifiers must be used to regenerate the signal (Snell 1996). The U.S. military quickly turned towards fiber optics for enhanced and improved communications as well as tactical systems. During the early 1970s, a fiber optic telephone link was installed by the U.S. Navy aboard the U.S.S. Little Rock. Toward that end, The Air Force developed its Airborne Light Optical Fiber Technology (ALOFT) program in 1976. Greatly motivated by the success of these practical applications, military R D programs developed stronger fibers, ruggedized, high-performance components, tactical cables, and several demonstration systems that ranged from aircraft to undersea applications. Soon after, commercial application followed that included both ATT and GTE installing fiber optic telephone systems in 1997 in Chicago and Boston respectively (Green 2006) (Keller 2010). Therefore, these successful applications resulted in the increase of fiber optic telephone networks. In the early 1980s, single-mode fiber running in the 1310 nm and then in 1550 nm wavelength ranges we re installed for these networks. Earlier, information networks, computers and data communications were far slower to employ fiber; however, today they are embracing the transmission system that has lighter weight cable, carries more data faster and across long distances, and resists lightning strikes (Elion Elion 1978) (Snell 1996). An average aircraft consists of over hundred miles of electrical wires and controls almost everything from landing gear to calls from flight-attendants. These insulated copper wires have proven to be a big bottleneck: it is heavy in weight, vulnerable to electromagnetic interference and if not accurately maintained, can cause system failures or fires. Some of these wires can be replaced with fiber-optic technology that is lighter than copper wire, immune to electrical shocks, and less sensitive to electromagnetic interference (Green 2006). Researchers have developed a new optical switch to be incorporated into the cockpit controls in order to manage operations that involve turning on and off, for instance, displays, landing gear, manual switching between fuel tanks, etc. Presently, on-off switches in a cockpit are connected to separate wires spread throughout a plane, controlling several functions. In case a switch fails to work due to wiring problems at the inside of the plane, dete cting the offending line can consume a lot of time and effort, since the wires are usually bundled together. Therefore, this switch is capable of sensing whether a button has been pressed fro off to on (Keller 2010). Then, the information from the fiber-based device can be directed toward a main fiber artery that carries hundreds of signals simultaneously. Through this, the bulk of wires, and cost is eliminated, and maintenance is simplified. Although engineers have been working to replace aircraft wiring with fiber for several years, unfortunately, they have had only moderate success. Built in mid-1990s, Boeings 777 uses a fiber-optic communication network, but the design and implementation being a part of an experiment. Moreover, the network was not a critical system and it was over-designed with more possibility of error than greater cost-effectiveness if in case it was broadly implemented in the industry. Nevertheless, Boeings 787 aircrafts, is equipped with a more cost-effectiv e optical fiber communication network (Green 2006) (Keller 2010) (Sullivan Curt 2003). ARINC 429 The first major variation in avionics databusing on military as well as commercial aircraft came during 1970s and 1980s. It was deployed as a 100 kilobit-per-second ARINC 429 databus which is a multiplex databus standard of ARNIC Inc. The databus is omnipresent on commercial airliners and is one of the most common avionics equipment used in flying today. The ARNIC 429 is equipped by all commercial aircrafts for legacy connections and for securing backup for flight critical controls. The ARNIC 429, apart from being the de-facto standard, is used on aircrafts for digital electronics, navigation and air data computers, engine control systems, and radios which are fully computerized and need to interact with each other. Furthermore, ARINC 429 is greatly responsible for setting up the digital era in commercial and military avionics. However, it is a comparatively slow twisted-pair databus and unidirectional like 1553. Only one terminal on the bus can broadcast and as much as 20 terminals can listen (Keller 2010). The ARINC 429 represents a tightly legalized architecture equipped with standard ARINC connectors. Before the introduction of ARINC 429, avionics designers utilized hard-wired point-to-point connectors with analog signals suitable for every sensor type, like the navigation gyros. Many sensors had multiple wires and multiple signals. In typical applications deployed on todays jetliners, systems designers extensively utilize ARINC 429 in order to connect avionic subsystem boxes and components digitally. One master subsystem on the bus sends information to at least 20 slave subsystems, but the slaves are unable to send information back to the master. Therefore, to enable a slave subsystem to transmit data back to the master, another ARINC 429 bus is used with its direction reversed, thereby enabling the original slave to send and the original master to listen. More frequently, designers make use of two ARINC 429 buses, amounting to point-to-point bi-directiona l interconnections between avionics subsystems: one bus transmitting in one direction, and another bus transmitting in the reverse direction (Green 2006) (Keller 2010). One such example includes jetliners flight-management computer that accepts and processes inbound signals from several different sensors and other subsystems, and estimates the paths taken by flights, their time of arrival, fuel burn, etc. In this approach, ARINC 429 busses send information from the sensors and allow the flight-management computer to listen to that data. Whenever the flight-management computer needs to transmit information tack to a particular sensor, designers employ another 429 bus that runs in the opposite direction. Regardless of its low speed, the digital ARINC 429 databus aids in increasing the efficiency, speed, and facilitates maintenance since it can move several digital data packages across the same twisted pair, where analog approaches required a different wire for each signal (Keller 2010). The digital ARINC 429 bus allows for multiplexing of the information on two wires. Since it is capable of sending data across only in one direction, it is greatly reli able due to its lower possibility of data corruption or data conflicts. Furthermore, this reliability of the databus makes it usable and well-known for flight-critical data involving avionics activities such as flight navigation and engine control (Keller 2010). The sheer size of ARINC 429 installed base drives its popularity; it is included in almost every commercial jetliner recently manufactured. ARINC 429 has limited addressing capacity and limited bandwidth; still it is proved as a highly robust physical bus and has served the industry well enough for several years. Moreover, it is a viable bus and protocol where installations require limited bandwidth and limited address space on the bus. However, modern avionics architecture demands more bandwidth, more address space, and greater flexibility than what the ARINC 429 can deliver (Keller 2010). ARINC 629 ARINC 629 is a 2-megabit-per-second databus that is borne from the MIL-STD-1553 technology. The conversion into an ARINC 629-type of bus topology strongly supported the move in the aviation industry to greater degrees of integration within the full systems throughout the avionics and the aircraft systems. The launch of ARINC 629 was set up on the highly-advanced architecture of the Boeing 777 double-engine jumbo jetliner. After its launch, the databus started as a Boeing invention known as Digital Autonomous Terminal Access Communications (DATAC). In comparison to ARINC 429, 629 is a completely different model altogether. It is bi-directional and does not need the master, which has been a potential single point of failure in 429. Although it is a sporty technology, it is still expensive. Additionally, ARINC 629 is far more cognate to 1553 than the ARINC 429, which has bi-directional flow of data (Keller 2010). One of the most attractive aspects of ARINC 629 was the bus efficiency, or rather the ratio of actual data transmitted by the bus to the routing overhead code. ARINC 429 has an efficiency of nearly 45 percent; however, with ARINC 629 efficiency can reach up to 85 percent if the bus is architected right. Furthermore, as compared to 429, ARINC 629 is a bus without connectors. In the ARINC 629 a twisted pair of wires is fed across the bus coupler that behaves like a transformer. Nonetheless, it was the price of the bus that got designers in a dilemma about the usage of ARINC 629. Although, ARINC 629 was more reliable, but it was much costlier than what the designers had actually thought (Keller 2010). Cost concerns, a lack of large new commercial aircraft projects when Boeing developed the 777, and the increasing popularity of Ethernet networking technology blended together to halt implementation of the ARINC 629 after the 777. ARINC 629 is heavy and expensive to implement. Future Fiber optics is anticipated to have a better future in military aviation industry. It exclusively provides high bandwidth, immunity against electromagnetic interference, and is light weight. Optical fiber was deployed on the AV-8B several years ago; it is used across the F/A-18E/F including several other aircrafts, and is likely to be fielded at a higher degree in coming years. However, before fiber-based applications in intense aviation environment can proliferate, a couple of standards are required in component, training, testing and other areas. Techniques such as WDM, short for wavelength division multiplexing, might dramatically increase the throughput and lower the footprint needed today for analog and digital data communications, beyond the immediate horizon (Keller 2010) (Sullivan Curt 2003). Fiber optic standardization within the aerospace sector leaves out something to be desired. Unfortunately, there are no standards for: The method for computing link loss power budgets The geometrics of critical parts like the end faces of optical fiber cable terminations, and Training military aviation personnel and technicians in the handling of optical fiber There has been a consensus for standardization. Operating with the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), NAVAIR, short for Naval Air Systems Command, avionic companies, airframers and components suppliers have put extreme efforts in developing training standards and components to enhance the supportability of current systems, and to cover various emerging technologies. In essence, fiber optics has been a corporate initiative within NAVAIR, holding its base in the commands Avionics Division instead of a particular program office (Adams 2005). Fiber optic technology has evolved at the major contractor or airframer level, in military aviation, as stated by researchers, engineers, personnel, and F/A-18 fiber optic experts with PMA 265 at NAVAIR. Fiber optics avionics components standardization will greatly assist in eliminating ambiguities and allowing test and inspection of equipments in order to sufficiently cover the technology fielded today (Adams 2005) (Sullivan Curt 2003). JELLI JELLI is an SAE group that is developing performance standards for the initial test and inspection processes of avionics fiber optic assemblies. JELLI is short for jumpers, endfaces, link loss and inspection; i.e. the processes and components used in optical networks. They are supported by the following definitions: Jumpers: The cables that are utilized in testing the overall optical performance of the fiber optic cables after installation. Endface: This is the polished end of the high-precision ceramic cap of the fiber optic termination that enables optical coupling. Link Loss: It is the attenuation of the signal, primarily from connector loss, and Inspection: It involves the examination of a cable installation in order to verify its performance. Different polish standards are required to apply to the physical vs. non-contact connections. However, within those areas, everyone should satisfy a termination endface range for that kind of polish. The cleanness of the endface is another important parameter. Test jumpers have endfaces and their polish requirements must match the component being installed within the aircraft. The test jumpers fail work on the airplane without such as standard (Adams 2005). Furthermore, standards for components like endfaces are essential to eliminate subjectivity on the engineering side. Additionally, it is mainly important since aircrafts with fiber optic systems have been launched in order to set up a baseline for the avionics technicians, and to instruct them on what exactly a good connector endface. In essence, work on inspection involves the magnification and several other criteria required of the equipment that is used for examining the termination endfaces and detect damages. For instance, tiny char